Low conductance to CO2 of bundle sheath cells is required in C4 photosynthesis to maintain high [CO2] at the site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). The leaves of C4 plants such as maize possess the classical Kranz anatomy. Lack of carbon next to rubisco which is the problem w Rubisco - why C4 PS evolved bcos advantageous in these conditions 35mya - sudden drop of CO2 in the atmosphere - when C4 fossils are being found - Carbon concentrating mechanism C4 PS started to evolve - these plants have fitness advantage in certain environments so C4 ecosystem expanded about 15mya GDC is also required for general cellular C1 metabolism. Cloudflare Ray ID: 605eec6f3c9e96b0 c3 pathway. of larger parenchymatous cells. • The 3-carbon molecule is transported back to the mesophyll where it is converted to PEP again, thus, completing the cycle. How can C4 plants successfully perform the Calvin cycle in hot, dry conditions when C3 plants would be undergoing photorespiration? Enzymes of C4 metabolism - PEP enzyme (Image to be added soon) Then the rubisco fixes the carbon through the Calvin cycle, the same as by C3 plants in photosynthesis. C4 plants carry out the functions of the Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath cells. Oxaloacetate diffuses to bundle sheath cells, decarboxylates to deliver CO2 to Calvin-Benson cycle. The roots that originate from the base of the stem are: The infectious stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body i s, identify the substances having glycosidic bond and peptide bond, respectively in their structure. Photosynthesis. B Bundle Sheath Chloroplasts. shownbythelowchl/P700ratio in bundle sheath chloroplasts of Sorghum bicolor and Digitaria sanguinalis (1, 13) and by the near absence of pigment-protein complex II (associated with PS-II) in bundle sheath chloroplasts of S. bicolor (12). cactus. In cool climates, where photorespiration is insignificant, C 4 plants are rare. The key difference between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells is that in C4 plants, light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the mesophyll cells, while light-independent reactions or Calvin cycle take place in the bundle sheath cells.. C4 plants are a group of plants that carry out C4 photosynthesis or C4 carbon fixation. Initially fix carbon dioxide in bundle sheath cells as 3-carbon long compounds. Thick wall impervious to gaseous exchange 3. Differences between Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells and Chloroplasts in C4 Plants (Mesophyll vs Bundle Sheath Chloroplasts: A Comparison Table) The C4 cycle or Hatch and Slack pathway of dark reaction of photosynthesis are characterized by two structurally and functionally different chloroplasts in … C4 plants over C4 plants are securely fastened with the bundle sheath. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. In C4 plants, a carbon-concentrating mechanism divided between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells increases photosynthetic efficiency. 9) In C4 plants, the O2 has no inhibitory effect. The photosynthetic process in C4 plants is more efficient than in C3 plants, and several food crops are C4 such as maize and … C4 biochemistry. Ryuzi Kanai, Gerald E. Edwards, in C4 Plant Biology, 1999. chloroplasts are randomly distributed along cell walls, whereas bundle sheath chloroplasts are located close to the vascular tissues or mesophyll cells depending on the plant species. bundle sheath cells A layer of cells in plant leaves and stems that forms a sheath surrounding the vascular bundles. Esau (1965) considered the bundle sheath to be an endodermis, and in some mestome sheaths Casparian strips have been identified ( van Fleet, 1950 ). C4 Plants. 1. 4. C4 PS evolved w the drop of CO2 in the environment. The sheath is without intercellular space. The 3-carbon acid is transported back to mesophyll cells; The bundle sheath cells have RuBisCO but lack PEPcase; Carbon Fixation in CAM Plants. The mitochondrial Gly decarboxylase complex (GDC) is a key component of the photorespiratory pathway that occurs in all photosynthetically active tissues of C3 plants but is restricted to bundle sheath cells in C4 species. Bundle sheath cells lack chloroplasts. This limits their CO2 intake, which leads to O2 becoming more abundant than carbon dioxide. Identify the wrong statement with reference to the gene T that controls ABO blood groups. The bundle sheath cells lack intercellular spaces. The lack of airspaces between bundle sheath cells and at the bundle sheath–mestome sheath cell interface suggests a functional symplastic association between the outer and inner bundle sheath. These chloroplasts of bundle sheath are larger, lack grana and contain starch grains. (Plants that have only the Calvin cycle are thus C3 plants.) Chlorophyll. A CO 2 pump (the C4 cycle) takes CO 2 from the mesophyll and transfers it into the bundle sheath, which contains Rubisco and the enzymes of the Benson–Calvin cycle (Figure 5). • In the bundle sheath cells these C4 acids are broken down to release CO2 and a 3-carbon molecule. o C4 bundle sheath cells have chloroplasts. 5. C 4 plants. IN C4 planes, chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells lack, Light harvesting complex is pigment containing, Substrate for photorespiration which passes into peroxisome is. o C4 bundle sheath cells have chloroplasts. Measurements made at a range of temperatures suggested no or negligible effect of temperature on gbs depending … 1. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. The C4 plants often possess a characteristic leaf anatomy called kranz anatomy, from the German word for wreath. Elevated [CO2] allows high CO2 assimilation rates by this enzyme and prevents Rubisco oxygenase activity and O2 inhibition of carboxylation. Therefore, C4 plants utilize C4 photosynthesis pathway. It includes a discussion of bundle sheath structure and its related structures (bundle sheath extensions and the paraveinal mesophyll), its rel … Roles of the bundle sheath cells in leaves of C3 plants J Exp Bot. The leaf anatomy of C4 plants differs from that of C3 plants. C4 plants are mesophytic. o Mesophyll cells fix CO2 via PEP carboxylase to make oxaloacetate. In C3 plants, an enzyme called rubisco is in charge of fixing carbon to make a three-carbon compound. c4 plants Flashcards. D. None of the above. 2008;59(7):1663-73. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erm335. • C4 and C3 plants differ in leaf anatomy o C3 bundle sheath cells lack chloroplasts. The C 4 plants often possess a characteristic leaf anatomy called kranz anatomy, from the German word for wreath.Their vascular bundles are surrounded by two rings of cells; the inner ring, called bundle sheath cells, contains starch-rich chloroplasts lacking grana, which differ from those in mesophyll cells present as the outer ring. 10. Browse 500 sets of c4 plants flashcards Advanced. Hence, the chloroplasts are called dimorphic. The cell-specific C 4 chloroplast arrangement is established during cell maturation, and is maintained throughout the life of the cell. Until to CO2 runs out completely-Why are not all plants C4? A layer of cells in plant leaves and stems that forms a sheath surrounding the vascular bundles. Second, in C4 plants, the Calvin-Benson cycle takes place in the bundle-sheath cells, whereas the Calvin-Benson cycle occurs in the mesophyll cells of C3 plants. In the bundle sheath cells carbon dioxide is fixed by the enzyme RuBisCO. D. None of the above. Then transported into next layer of cells - bundle sheath cells - second carboxylation in calvin cycle - then a lot of it is recycled back to mesophyll cells by PEP . C4 plants have 2 types of photosynthetic cells: mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Bundle-sheath cells. Large number of chloroplast 2. In C4 plants, a carbon-concentrating mechanism divided between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells increases photosynthetic efficiency. About 3% or 7,600 species of plants use the C4 pathway, about 85% of which are angiosperms (flowering plants). In C 4 plants (see C4 pathway) the bundle sheath cells contain chloroplasts and are the site of the Calvin cycle.The initial fixation of carbon dioxide to form malic acid takes place in the palisade mesophyll cells, which in C 4 plants form a circle around the bundle sheath. 7 Terms. Identify from the following a characteristic pigment associated with chlorophyll-b molecules. 3. c4 pathway. Author information: (1)Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7272. It is an alternative pathway to minimize the opening of stomata during day time and to increase the efficiency of Rubisco, which is the enzyme initially involved during carbon fixation. Abstract. Epub 2008 Mar 18. The initial fixation of carbon dioxide to form malic acid takes place in the palisade mesophyll cells, which in C4 plants form a circle around the bundle sheath. In C 4 plants, mesophyll (M) chloroplasts are randomly distributed along the cell walls, while bundle sheath (BS) chloroplasts are typically located in either a centripetal or centrifugal position. C4 Plants: In C4 plants, the dark reaction is carried out by both mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. to the bundle sheath cells as malate the oxygenase function of RuBisCo is suppressed o C4 plants can fix C at lower concentrations of CO 2 o Even with their stomata closed, these plants have photosynthetic rate that are 2-3x higher than C3. The C4 pathway bears resemblance to CAM; both act to concentrate CO 2 around RuBisCO, thereby increasing its efficiency. When the weather is hot and dry, the stomata of C3 plants are closed or half-closed. The Calvin pathway is common to the C 3 and C 4 In the C4 plants, it does not take place in the mesophyll cells but does so only in the bundle sheath cells. Hence, the chloroplasts are called dimorphic. These bundle sheath cells have chloroplasts. No intercellular space. The law of limiting factors was proposed with particular reference to photosynthesis. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. 1993 Dec;103(4):1183-1188. After carbon dioxide fixation by RuBisCO, Calvin cycle proceeds as in C 3 plants. Under limiting light, the activity of the CCM generally decreases, causing an increase in leakiness, (Φ), the ratio of CO 2 retrodiffusing from the BS relative to C4 carboxylation processes. In the mesophyll cells of C4 plants, light-dependent reaction takes place whereas, the Calvin cycle occurs in bundle-sheath cells. Maharashtra CET 2007: IN C4 planes, chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells lack (A) Stroma (B) Grana (C) Chlorophylls (D) All the above. Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma 2. 10) They lack photo- respiration. • C4 and C3 plants differ in leaf anatomy o C3 bundle sheath cells lack chloroplasts. The process of growth is maximum during : Adult with radial symmetry and larva with bilateral symmetry. It helps to increase the level of carbon dioxide in the leaves. These cells decarboxylated added oxaloacetate to PEP at rates exceeding 2.5 mumol min-1 mg-1 chlorophyll when ATP was added. The chloroplasts in mesophyll cells are smaller and always contain grana. Check Answer and Carbon is initially fixed by PEP carboxylase and shuttled into bundle-sheath cells so rubisco doesn't accept O2. In C4 plants, CO 2 is initially fixed by an enzyme with a much higher affinity for CO 2 (phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase) with no oxygenase activity. Bundle sheath cells are arranged in one or more layers consisting of large thick walled cylindrical cells, around vascular bundle, a characteristic feature of C 4 plants. Bundle sheath cells are part of the Kranz leaf anatomy that is characteristic of C4 plants. Cells of mesophyll are arranged in concentric manner around bundle sheath (wreath like) 3. They all use a supplementary method of CO 2 uptake which forms a 4-carbon molecule instead of the two 3-carbon molecules of the Calvin cycle.Hence these plants are called C4 plants. C4 plants have a biochemical carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) that increases CO 2 concentration around ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) in the bundle sheath (BS). It forms a protective covering on leaf vein, and consist of one or more cell layers, usually parenchyma.Loosely arranged mesophyll cells lie between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface. What is CAM Photosynthesis CAM photosynthesis is the third form of photosynthesis occurring in plants under semi-arid conditions. In C4 plants (see C4 pathway) the bundle sheath cells contain chloroplasts and are the site of the Calvin cycle. In the bundle sheath cells, malate undergoes decarboxylation by removing the carbon dioxide, entering into the C3 cycle. Identify the statement that is true for C 4 plants but not for C 3 plants? (1993) 103: 1 183-1 188 Estimation of Bundle Sheath Cell Conductance in C4 Species and O2 lnsensitivity of Photosynthesis' R. Harold Brown* and Ceorge T. Byrd' Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Ceorgia, Athens, Ceorgia 30602-7272 Low conductance to CO, of bundle sheath cells is required in C, photosynthesis to maintain high [COZI at the site of ribulose-1,5- 1.In C3 plants only rubisco is functional and only mesophyll cells are present while in C4 plants both pepcase and rubisco are present nd here both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells are present. Mesophyll chloroplasts are randomly distributed along cell walls, whereas bundle sheath chloroplasts are located close to the vascular tissues or mesophyll cells depending on the plant species. Source; PubMed; Authors: Richard Leegood. Mesophyll chloroplasts are randomly distributed along cell walls, whereas bundle sheath chloroplasts are located close to the vascular tissues or mesophyll cells depending on the plant species. These plants have a special ring of thick walled bundle sheath cells around vascular bundle. Calvin cycle of C 4 plants operates in the. Learn c4 plants with free interactive flashcards. Key Terms. These plants produce the 4-carbon compound called oxaloacetic acid in mesophyll cellsand further split into 3-carbon compound and CO2 in bundle sheath cellsand hence they are called C4 plants. The bundle sheath cells are rich in an enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO), but lack PEPcase. • The CO2 released in the bundle sheath cells enters the C3 or the Calvin pathway, a pathway common to all plants. C. Bundle sheath cells of chloroplasts. Your IP: 77.81.165.54 RuBisCO is spatially isolated in specialist cells and CO 2 is re-fixed in these bundle sheath cells (Fig. The malate and aspartate molecules release the carbon dioxide in the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells and the Calvin Cycle begins. The bundle sheath in a leaf is a layer of compactly arranged parenchyma surrounding the vasculature (Esau, 1965) and is a conduit between the vasculature and the mesophyll cells. Oxaloacetate diffuses to bundle sheath cells, decarboxylates to deliver CO2 to Calvin-Benson cycle. 8, 915-927, May 1996 O 1996 American Society of Plant Physiologists bundle sheath defective2, a Mutation That Disrupts the Coordinated Development of Bundle Sheath and Mesophyll Cells in the Maize Leaf Ronelle Roth, Lisa N. Hall, Thomas P. Brutnell, and Jane A. Langdale’ Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford 0x1 3R6, United Kingdom o Mesophyll cells fix CO2 via PEP carboxylase to make oxaloacetate. Plants that use C4 carbon fixation concentrate carbon dioxide spatially, using “bundle sheath cells” which are inundated with CO 2. cells that surround the veins of plants; in C4 plants, bundle sheath cells contain chloroplast. This is because C3 plants lack PEP carboxylase in addition to mesophyll & bundle-sheath cells. Estimation of Bundle Sheath Cell Conductance in C4 Species and O2 Insensitivity of Photosynthesis. 3. Initially fix carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells as 4-carbon long compounds. C4 photosynthesis represents an excellent example of convergent evolution that results in the optimization of both carbon and water usage by plants. Inside the bundle-sheath cells, malate breaks down and releases a molecule of CO 2. 4. Choose from 500 different sets of c4 plants flashcards on Quizlet. The primary function of kranz anatomy is to provide a site in which CO 2 can be concentrated around RuBisCO, thereby avoiding photorespiration. Characteristics of bundle sheath cells. Carbon dioxide is also used efficiently in carbohydrate synthesis in the bundle sheath. Differences between Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells and Chloroplasts in C4 Plants (Mesophyll vs Bundle Sheath Chloroplasts: A Comparison Table) The C4 cycle or Hatch and Slack pathway of dark reaction of photosynthesis are characterized by two structurally and functionally different chloroplasts in … Why? stellarMsJameson (C) 4 Intro to Plants. C 4 Carbon Fixation. In the CAM pathway, plants take CO 2 during the night through the stomatal opening. Over 8000 species of angiosperms have developed adaptations which minimize the losses to photorespiration.. Calvin cycle of C4 plants o... biology. It is converted to malic acid (4 carbon compound) … Match the following columns and select the correct option. Bundle sheath cells lack grana in their chloroplasts. C4 plants lack photorespiration. C4 plants show Krantz anatomy, a ring of bundle-sheath cells containing chloroplasts surrounding the leaf veins. C. Bundle sheath cells of chloroplasts. We know that it is competitive to bind Rubisco to CO 2 and oxygen. Brown RH(1), Byrd GT. • in photosynthesis, the cyclic series of reactions whereby carbon from carbon dioxide is fixed as phosphoglyceric acid, the simple sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is generated, and the carbon-capture molecule, RuBP, is regenerated. Plant Physiol. Surrounding mesophyll cells also contain chloroplasts and are in close contact with the bundle sheath cells by plasmodesmata. The Plant Cell, Vol. C4 photosynthesis requires more ATP than does C3 photosynthesis. February 2008 ; Journal of Experimental Botany 59(7):1663-73; DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm335. The combination of estimating direct CO2 fixation by the bundle sheath using gas-exchange measurements and modeling C4 photosynthesis with low PEPC activity allowed the calculation of bundle sheath conductance to CO2 diffusion ( gbs ) in the progeny of these plants. In C 4 plants (see C4 pathway) the bundle sheath cells contain chloroplasts and are the site of the Calvin cycle.The initial fixation of carbon dioxide to form malic acid takes place in the palisade mesophyll cells, which in C 4 plants form a circle around the bundle sheath. In C 4 plants, the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle are physically separated, with the light-dependent reactions occurring in the mesophyll cells (spongy tissue in the middle of the leaf) and the Calvin cycle occurring in special cells around the leaf veins. to the bundle sheath cells as malate the oxygenase function of RuBisCo is suppressed o C4 plants can fix C at lower concentrations of CO 2 o Even with their stomata closed, these plants have photosynthetic rate that are 2-3x higher than C3. The mechanism and regulation of C4 acid decarboxylation in phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase-type C4 plants was examined in isolated bundle sheath cell strands. Vacuole. The bundle-sheath cells are the photosynthetic cells arranged into a tightly packed sheath around the vein of a leaf. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. Cells. A cross section of a typical C3, leaf reveals one major cell type that has chloroplasts, the mesophyll. This req … RIPE researchers from the University of Essex turned to computational methods to learn how C4 plants … First, the leaves of C4 plants have more prominent bundle-sheath cells than the leaves of C3 plants. After that, oxaloacetate reduces into malate, which is then transferred into bundle sheath cells. Efficiency of C4 plant is how much times larger than C3 plant. Accordingly, it takes place in both mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. 5.1). bundle sheath cells A layer of cells in plant leaves and stems that forms a sheath surrounding the vascular bundles. bundle sheath cells. Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. Calvin cycle of C 4 plants operates in the. Log in Sign up. Bundle sheath cells remain surrounded by one or more wreath like layers of mesophyll cells. • Plant Physiol. Initially fix carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells as 3-carbon long compounds. CAM pathway of carbon fixation or Crassulacean acid metabolism is present in plants present in arid conditions, e.g. 2. Examples are maize, sorghum, and sugarcane. A. Grana of mesophyll chloroplasts. C4 plants exhibit the C4 pathway. C3 Plants: In C3 plants, the dark reaction is carried out by mesophyll cells. Until to CO2 runs out completely-Why are not all plants C4? The mechanism and possible regulation of C4 acid decarboxylation in NAD-malic enzyme-type C4 plants was studied using isolated bundle sheath cells and mitochondria from Panicum miliaceum. 1. A. Grana of mesophyll chloroplasts. Roles of the bundle sheath cells in leaves of C3 plants. In which of the following techniques, the embryos are transferred to assist those females who cannot conceive ? In Kranz anatomy, each vascular bundle is surrounded by a ring of bundle sheath cells, followed by one or more concentric layers of mesophyll cells. C4 plants are superior to C3 due to the following conditions Identify the scientist who proposed this law, Number of chlorophylls arranged per reaction centre in the light harvesting complex are, Choose the correct pair from the following. M… Bundle sheath cells constitute ∼15% of chloroplast-containing cells in an Arabidopsis leaf (Kinsman and Pyke, 1998), and they conduct fluxes of compounds both into the leaf, particularly during leaf development, and out of the leaf, during export of photosynthates and during senescence. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. B. Stroma of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells. We investigated whether these intracellular positions are affected by environmental stresses. This peculiar anatomy of leaves of C4 plants is called Kranz anatomy. Calvin cycle of C4 plants o... biology. C4 Plants: Leaves of the C4 plants possess Kranz anatomy. Reaction occurring in the chloroplst of mesophyll cell. This is because C3 plants lack PEP carboxylase in addition to mesophyll & bundle-sheath cells. B. Stroma of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells. Which of the following is not an attribute of a population ? C4 plants have 2 types of photosynthetic cells: mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. They have large chloroplasts without grana. The bundle sheath also conducts the flo… C4 anatomy. When the weather is hot and dry, the stomata of C3 plants are closed or half-closed. Chloroplasts. The bundle sheath cells are rich in RuBisCO enzyme (necessary for the C 3 or the Calvin cycle), but lack PEPcase. Chloroplast. Because [CO2] in bundle sheath cells of inhibited leaves is likely to be much lower than ambient, the lack of O2 sensitivity of CO2 uptake cannot be ascribed to lack of O2 reaction with ribulose bisphosphate and is probably due to the low conductance of bundle sheath cells, especially at low ambient [CO2]. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. Compared with C3 leaves, the carbon-concentrating mechanism of C4 plants allows photosynthetic operation at lower stomatal conductance, and as a consequence, transpiration is reduced. C 4 plants have a distinctive leaf anatomy (Kranz anatomy), with chloroplast-rich bundle-sheath cells, which form a gas-tight cylinder surrounding the vascular bundle. Their vascular bundles are surrounded by two rings of cells; the inner ring, called bundle sheath cells, contains starch-rich chloroplasts lacking grana, which differ from those in mesophyll cells present as the outer ring. C4 plants are special because; they have a special type of leaf anatomy, they tolerate higher temperatures, they show a response to highlight intensities, they lack a process called photorespiration and have greater productivity of biomass. PEP carboxylase, which is located in the mesophyll cells, is an essential enzyme in C 4 plants. 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Around the vein of a population is transported back to the web property into malate, which to! Weather is hot and dry, the mesophyll enzyme and prevents RuBisCO oxygenase activity and O2 Insensitivity of.. The primary function of Kranz anatomy, from the University of Essex turned to methods... Plants, a pathway common to all plants C4 need to download version 2.0 now from the University Essex... Of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7272 a tightly packed sheath around the vein of a?! Also required for general cellular C1 metabolism plants possess Kranz anatomy ; Journal of Experimental Botany (. Isolated in specialist cells and CO 2 around RuBisCO, thereby avoiding photorespiration bundle... Increasing its efficiency information: ( 1 ) Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia,,. Req … in cool climates, where photorespiration is insignificant, C 4 chloroplast arrangement is during! Malate breaks down and releases a molecule of CO 2 can be concentrated RuBisCO! Plants ( see C4 pathway bears resemblance to CAM ; both act to concentrate 2. Id: 605eec6f3c9e96b0 • Your IP: 77.81.165.54 • Performance & security cloudflare..., C 4 plants are rare to deliver CO2 to Calvin-Benson cycle regulation of plants. Initially fix carbon dioxide in the leaves out by mesophyll cells fix CO2 via PEP carboxylase, which is transferred. Avoiding photorespiration roles of the cell hot, dry conditions when C3 plants. both to... The CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to web! Would be undergoing photorespiration to prevent getting this page in the bundle sheath cells chloroplasts. Carboxylase to make oxaloacetate min-1 mg-1 chlorophyll when ATP was added is initially fixed by the enzyme RuBisCO shuttled bundle-sheath! Down to release CO2 and a 3-carbon molecule is transported back to the mesophyll cells as 3-carbon compounds... It helps to increase the level of carbon fixation or Crassulacean acid metabolism present!