Unbleached Bread Flour, 5 lbs Use 2 fingers to drag & zoom Find a store to see pricing Ingredients Unbleached Hard Red Wheat Flour, Malted Barley Flour Allergens Contains Wheat (Unbleached Hard 窶ヲ I have been using this flour for years with excellent results. The bleaching process may decrease the vitamin E content slightly, but unbleached flour still contains only minimal amounts, with less than 2% of the Daily Value per cup (125 grams) (2, 3). Non-GMO, non-bromated, non-bleached. Each bag weighs 2 pounds but you get 12 bags. Item Code: 67660 ��コ ��コ ��コ ��コ ��コ (0) Our Unbleached Bread Flour is a product of Germany and is halal-certified. In fact, a good number of bakers these days use unbleached all purpose flour exclusively (using only bleached cake flour in recipes that specifically call for it), so many recipes are designed with it in mind. 95 (£2.66/kg) Get it Tuesday, Nov 17 FREE Delivery on your first order shipped by Amazon Matthews Cotswold Plain Flour 窶ヲ Knead the dough, by hand (10 minutes) or mixer (5 minutes) until it's soft and smooth. This article lets you know which are safe and which…. Higher protein flour like bread flour will absorb more liquid than others. Bread flour is a type of unbleached flour that is made from a great mixture of protein-rich wheat, which features a lot more protein than you would find in all-purpose flour. Strong white bread flour Vegan . 3 cups (361g) King Arthur Unbleached Bread Flour, 1 cup (99g) rolled oats (old-fashioned oats), 2 teaspoons instant yeast or 1 packet active dry yeast*, Versatile - works in all kinds of baking, yielding exceptional results, The secret to loaf mastery: Our higher gluten bread flour is extra-high in protein, giving strength and rise to your breads. Prime members enjoy FREE Delivery and exclusive access to music, movies, TV shows, original audio series, and Kindle books. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. Unbleached Bread Flour King Arthur Flour 1/4 cup 110.1 calories 22.0 grams carbs 0 grams fat 4.0 grams protein 1.0 grams fiber 0 mg cholesterol 0 grams saturated fat … While yeast ferments during the early stages of baking bread, carbon dioxide gets trapped by the protein-bonded flour, resulting in stretchy dough with air pockets in the crumb. Cool completely before slicing. Content on this site is for reference purposes only. Amazon.com assumes no liability for inaccuracies or misstatements about products. Made from Australian grown wheat, this flour has been 窶ヲ I think it is one of the most consistent quality flours one can buy in the USA. Sainsbury's Strong White Unbleached Bread Flour 1.5kg Read reviews (30) Write a review Strong white bread flour £1.05 70p / kg Add Product Details Reviews Description Strong white bread flour Vegan For 窶ヲ It's the result of attention to detail, consistency in milling, and our desire to ensure that each and every person has the very best baking experience possible. Nutrition. This King Arthur Unbleached Bread Flour is the best combination you can find, healthy and high quality at the same time with an unbeatable price. It strengthens the rise, so your breads are lofty and perfectly textured every time. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. This flour contains the germ 窶ヲ Bleached flour has a finer grain and absorbs more liquid, which works well for foods like cookies, pancakes, waffles, quick breads, and pie crusts. Don窶冲 believe us? Disclaimer: While we work to ensure that product information is correct, on occasion manufacturers may alter their ingredient lists. Eating well should taste good. 6 Pack Artisan Unbleached Malted Bread Flour. Flour this good doesn't happen by accident. Amazon's Prime Pantry price is about the same as I've found in most grocery stores where I've looked, but it's at least $1.25+ cheaper than on the KAF website - and that's definitely not including their exorbitantly high shipping costs. So the next time you’re stocking up on all your baking ingredients, you can approach that flour section with confidence, knowing exactly what you get. Ingredients: King Arthur Flour - Unbleached Bread Flour - 5 lbs. Organic Unbleached White Bakers Flour is an ideal general purpose baking flour, especially for baking soft breads, rolls, buns, pasta and flatbread. A non-GMO product, not bleached, nor bromated. As a founding B Corp member, we are committed to using the power of business as a force for social and environmental good. We use only the purest ingredients, free from GMOs. Benzoyl peroxide is another common food additive that is generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (9). 05555. 98% Charred Corn and Rosemary Grilled Pizza This charred corn and rosemary grilled pizza talks about an easy way of making a very delicious pizza with a unique tast. This flour contains the germ but 80 percent of the bran has been removed. Though it’s illegal in the European Union, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, and Nigeria, it remains legal and widely used in the United States. Many items I bake go as gifts.. and everyone loves fresh bread gifts with KA bread flour. Our unbleached flour undergoes the natural aging process after being milled, giving it an off 窶ヲ 68 - $7.14 $ 7 . On the other hand, unbleached flour is aged naturally after the milling process is completed. We take pride in responsible sourcing and supporting sustainable agriculture to protect our planet. 12 Common Food Additives — Should You Avoid Them. Conversely, unbleached flour has a denser grain and tougher texture. Crecipe.com deliver fine selection of quality Unbleached all purpose flour bread recipes equipped with 窶ヲ There was a problem completing your request. I have tried many other bread flours and I can tell the difference in the rise. The best baking starts all the way back in the fields. They are also linked to weight gain and many serious diseases. Some chemical compounds in bleached flour have been linked to adverse effects in animal and test-tube studies. 14 Product Image Product Title 窶ヲ For recipes using King Arthur Unbleached Bread Flour: kingarthurflour.com/recipes. King Arthur, 100% Organic Unbleached Bread Flour, Non-GMO Project Verified, No Preservatives, 2 Pounds (Pack of 12) -Packaging May Vary 4.8 out of 5 stars 279 $49.78 King Arthur, All Purpose 窶ヲ The very best bread flour you can buy across the USA (IMHO). King Arthur Unbleached Bread Flour - 8 lb. Target does 窶ヲ It works just as well in everything else I bake. The gluten quality in our Peacock Brand flour is high enough to make delicious bread and low enough to be used in any biscuit, cake and pastry recipe. King Arthur Unbleached All-Purpose Flour “ On mornings off, I make pancakes for my boys with all-purpose flour in our Simply Perfect Pancake recipe. 3 cups (361g) King Arthur Unbleached Bread Flour 1 cup (99g) rolled oats (old-fashioned oats) 2 tablespoons (28g) butter 1 1/2 teaspoons salt 3 tablespoons brown sugar or honey 1 1/4 Unbleached flour is ground wheat, milled into its simplest form for baking, just the way nature intended it. You can freeze flour and yeast for approximately 100k years and still make good bread from it , and if you try to make bread in 100k years and it doesn't work out you can down vote my review. Bread flour is almost always unbleached. Bag Average rating: 4.6 out of 5 stars, based on 998 reviews 998 ratings Current Price $3.68 $ 3 . Whole-wheat flour is brown in color, and is derived from the complete wheat kernel (the bran and germ). Whole 窶ヲ Protein, in turn, creates gluten, and this gives bread the same amount of softness and chewiness you would find in a pizza crust. Contact your health-care provider immediately if you suspect that you have a medical problem. This article tells you everything you need to know about bleached and unbleached flour, including their differences, safety, and uses. Due to high demand, delivery may take longer than usual. Due to their variations in texture, each type of flour may be better-suited for certain recipes. Many types of flour are commonly available on the shelves of your local supermarket. Typical Values. Get one of our Unbleached all purpose flour bread recipe and prepare delicious and healthy treat for your family or friends. Bulk Barn is Canada's largest bulk food retailer. NOTICE: Flour is Limited to 2 bags, this includes mix matching bags. Transfer the dough to a lightly oiled surface, and shape it into a log. It bakes into lighter bread than the 100 percent whole wheat flour and is therefore acceptable to those that are used to white bread but wanting to eat more whole grain breads. I am a repeating buyer and am stuck on the brand. Highly recommend. This article reviews the nutrition, benefits, uses, and downsides of semolina. Bread flour is milled from hard spring wheat, which has a higher protein content than the hard winter wheat used in all-purpose flour. The texture of the dough is silky, soft, smooth you can feel your bread will came out outstanding before putting it into the oven. Chickpea flour has recently grown in popularity across the world as a gluten-free alternative to wheat flour. This all-purpose flour is versatile and offers an amazing flavor and baking quality no matter your recipe. The combination of extra protein, a tiny bit of malted barley to help the yeast, and vitamin C or potassium bromate to help the formation of the gluten, helps the dough rise and retain gasses as it bakes, resulting in greater volume and better texture. Nutrition Facts Serving Size: 1/4 Cup (30g) Servings Per Container: About 76   Amount Per Serving %DV Calories 110 Calories 窶ヲ Choose from contactless Same Day Delivery, Drive Up and more. and do not qualify for FREE Delivery. It has plenty of gluten to aid in the making of many baked goods including baguettes. Our Peacock All Purpose Flour can be utilized in just about any recipe. Artisan Unbleached Malted Bread Flour 5lb Bag - Item 702506 $7.06 Add to Cart Add to Wishlist High Performer High Protein Unbleached Flour 5lb Bag - Item 702006 $7.19 Add to Cart Add to Wishlist 窶ヲ Add enough unbleached flour to make a soft ... above recipe to bake. The consistency of KA bread flour is what keeps me coming back. Organic unbleached white baker flour is an all-purpose flour suitable for most everyday cooking needs. Certified kosher. BREAD: Bread flour is flour with a particularly high protein content, up to about 14 percent. Combine it with whole wheat flour to add extra height to dense whole grain baked goods that need a little lift. Meanwhile, the denser texture of unbleached flour can help baked goods hold their shape a bit better, making it a good fit for puff pastries, eclairs, yeast breads, and popovers. Sainsbury's Strong White Unbleached Bread Flour 1.5kg. This type of flour is still bleached to attain an off-white color. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department you want to search in. The secret to better breads: Our higher gluten bread flour delivers consistent results: Our bread flour is 12:7% protein - a full point higher than other national brands: It strengthens the rise, so your breads are lofty and perfectly textured every time, Use this flour for all your yeast baking, from bread (including bread machine loaves) to rolls to pizza: Combine it with whole wheat flour to add extra height to dense whole grain baked goods that need a little lift, King Arthur Unbleached Bread Flour is Non-GMO Project Verified and Certified Kosher, King Arthur Baking Company is a 100% Employee-Owned Company and a founding B Corporation, We're now King Arthur Baking Company: Our name and logo reflect who we've always been and always will be: bakers who are committed to spreading the simple joy of baking, Jovial Einkorn Baking Organic Flour From Italy, Gluten Free White Sandwich Bread by Extra White Gold. The secret to better breads: Our higher gluten bread flour delivers consistent, dependable results. Our mission is to inspire connections and community by spreading the joy of baking. It窶冱 an amazing flour for bread makers, for 窶ヲ After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Artisan Unbleached Bread Flour is premium high-protein flour milled from America's highest quality wheat. Current Price $4.95. Here are the 14 best gluten-free flours. This all-purpose flour is versatile and offers an amazing flavor and baking quality no matter your recipe. Our All-Purpose Flour is unbleached, unbromated, enriched baking flour milled from the highest quality North American wheat. Bread flour is higher in protein. I bake no knead bread many different ways and KA bread flour works beautifully using all the different methods: cast iron dutch oven, baguette pan, silicone bread baker, corning ware, muffin pans, and cast iron pizza pan. Good appetite! Allow the dough to rise for 1 to 1 1/2 hours, until it's crested 1" to 2" over the rim of the pan. Crecipe.com deliver fine selection of quality Unbleached all purpose flour recipes equipped with ratings, reviews and mixing tips. We recommend that you do not solely rely on the information presented and that you always read labels, warnings, and directions before using or consuming a product. The pancakes come out just right every time and everyone is happy! © 2005-2020 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Differences between bleached and unbleached flour, The 12 Best Substitutes for Self-Rising Flour, What Is Semolina Flour? Bleached flour has a whiter color, finer grain, and softer texture, while unbleached flour has a denser grain and tougher texture. When you bake your own bread at home, you know everything ... shortening (oil) and flour with spoon. Description Baking good bread starts with good flour. Mix in whole ... mixer. These 12 food additives are widely used to enhance the appearance, flavor or shelf life of foods. More research in humans is needed to evaluate the safety of these bleaching agents. When you bake your own bread at home, you know everything ... shortening (oil) and flour with spoon. Flour is aged to improve certain qualities for baking. It also tends to have an off-white color, which fades naturally as it ages. 211210. Unbleached flour is simply not as white as bleached. Available In: 5 LB . My Chelsea Loaf achieve mythic levels of reviews from my friends, and every bread creation I have done have been a success since then. Bleached flour is treated with chemical agents to speed up the aging process. Use it for all your yeast 窶ヲ It窶冱 a favorite of artisan bakers and perfect for baguettes, pizza crust, dinner rolls, sandwich 窶ヲ Add. The King Arthur Flour, All Purpose Unbleached Flour has a fantastic price, pretty much identical with the next one from Antimo Caputo. Remove the bread from the oven and turn it out of the pan onto a rack to cool. Place the dough in a lightly greased bowl, cover, and allow it to rise for 1 hour; it'll become quite puffy, though it may not double in bulk. About UNBLEACHED WHITE BREAD FLOUR, UPC: 071285155020 1 metric cup of UNBLEACHED WHITE BREAD FLOUR, UPC: 071285155020 weighs 169.07011 grams [g] 1 US cup of UNBLEACHED WHITE 窶ヲ Our Peacock All Purpose Flour can be utilized in just about any recipe. Meanwhile, unbleached flour is better suited for puff pastries, eclairs, yeast breads, and popovers. All-purpose flour (or AP flour) is a bit coarse in texture compared to cake flour. Please make sure that you are posting in the form of a question. Sprouted grain bread is made from whole grains that have begun to germinate. No preservatives. Learn how to cook great Unbleached all purpose flour . I can't believe that I found this great King Arthur Bread Flour on Amazon! 窶ヲ 30lb Bag - Item 702006c56. Enriched Unbleached Bread Flour. Foods made with bleached flour tend to be softer and have more volume than those that aren’t. Flour this good is the result of attention to detail, consistency in milling, and our desire to ensure that you have the very best baking experience possible, every time. All rights reserved. It can improve the texture of soft baked goods like cookies, cakes, quick breads, muffins, etc. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. Organic Unbleached Bread Flour is a high-gluten flour made from red hard winter wheat berries, giving it a protein count of over 12%. I find KA bread flour, 75% hydration with non-chlorinated water gives me the very best rise with no knead bread recipes. Find answers in product info, Q&As, reviews. King Arthur, Unbleached Bread Flour, Non-GMO Project Verified, Certified Kosher, No Preservatives, 5 Pounds (Packaging May Vary). I tried several flours to make bread, 'til I found King Artthur, since then I have been devoted forever for this brand. Here are 9 benefits of chickpea flour. Here’s what you need to know about this recent food recall and how to protect yourself. King Arthur, 100% Organic Unbleached Bread Flour, Non-GMO Project Verified, No Preservatives, 2 Pounds (Pack of 12) -Packaging May Vary 4.7 out of 5 stars 269 $69.47 Bleached and unbleached flour differ in certain ways, including processing, taste, texture, and appearance. It just uses the slow process of 窶ヲ Your choice of flour makes a very big difference in bread baking: flours with a higher protein content create loftier yeasted breads. As previously mentioned, bread flour contains more protein than all-purpose, so it leads to stronger gluten formation. Unbleached Bread Flour King Arthur The secret to fluffy, forget-about-dinner-because-the-bread窶冱-so-good loaves is high-gluten flour, and this one takes the cake. King Arthur, 100% Organic Unbleached Bread Flour, Non-GMO Project Verified, No Preservatives, 5 Pounds (Packaging May Vary), King Arthur, 100% Whole Wheat Flour, 100% Whole Grain, Non-GMO Project Verified, Certified Kosher, 5 Pounds (Packaging May Vary), King Arthur All Purpose Unbleached Flour, 5 Pound, King Arthur, Unbleached Self Rising Flour, Non-GMO Project Verified, No Preservatives, 5 Pounds (Packaging May Vary), Pompeian USDA Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oil Non-Stick Cooking Spray, Full-Bodied, Perfect for Salads and Pasta, Naturally Gluten Free, Non-Allergenic, Non-GMO, No Propellant, 5 FL. Higher protein flour like bread flour will absorb more liquid than others. 30lb Case - Item 702506c56. All-purpose flour (or AP flour) is a bit coarse in texture compared to cake flour. Reviewed in the United States on July 25, 2015. For making bread, focaccia & hot cross buns. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. However, most types can be split into two categories — bleached and unbleached. I've used it for years and love it! Unbleached Enriched Hard Spring Wheat Flour (Wheat Flour, Malted Barley Flour, Niacin (Vitamin B3), Reduced Iron, Thiamin Mononitrate (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Folic Acid). Bleached and unbleached white flours are nearly identical in terms of nutrition. Have a slice of our bread, or stop in one of our restaurants for a homemade 窶ヲ Top subscription boxes – right to your door, King Arthur Baking Company Unbleached All-Purpose Flour, King Arthur Baking Company Unbleached Bread Flour, King Arthur Baking Company White Whole Wheat Flour, King Arthur Baking Company Premium 100% Whole Wheat Flour, King Arthur Baking Company Unbleached Self-Rising Flour, King Arthur Baking Company Unbleached Cake Flour, © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. It is an ingredient for baked, fried, and cooked products, and these heating processes ensure the safety of the flour with proper handling. It is important to note that flour is made from wheat that is minimally processed. Both varieties contain the same number of calories and amounts of protein, fat, carbs, and fiber per cup (125 grams). There's a problem loading this menu right now. 70p / kg. Protein adds strength to dough and enables loaves of 窶ヲ King Arthur Unbleached Bread Flour - 5 lb. However, unbleached, unrefined, whole-wheat varieties may be richer in several important nutrients. Add to Wishlist; 6 Pack High Performer High Protein Unbleached Flour. When done, a digital thermometer inserted into the center of the loaf will register 190°F. Here are 8 gluten-free grains you can eat instead. Kombuchaorganic ® Very Old and Mature - 40 years old Lake District Certified Organic LIFETIME SUPPLY of Sourdough Starter Bread Starter - 80g for all types of flour 4.3 out of 5 stars 790 £7.99 £ 7 . If you know how to make bread (at the beginning is really tricky and difficult practice first with a cheaper brand), you can't go wrong with this flour, go for it! Keep in mind that most current research is limited to animal and test-tube studies using very high doses of these chemical compounds. It is ideal for baking breads, muffins, cakes and contains approximately 13% protein. Cost, Reviewed in the United States on December 19, 2018. Recommended Use. Cake and pastry flours have very low gluten content (eight to 10 percent), making them “soft” flours, while bread flour has a high gluten content (12 to 14 percent), making it a “hard,” or “strong” flour. Mix in whole ... mixer. Reviewed in the United States on June 26, 2016. Both varieties are sometimes enriched, which is the process of adding certain nutrients back into the flour (1). 99 Founded in 1790, King Arthur is a 100% Employee-Owned Company and the nation’s premier baking resource, offering everything from top-quality baking products to inspiring recipes. The appearance, and Kindle books are commonly available on the shelves of your local.! Of your local supermarket at heart if you suspect that you have disease... Milling process is completed ideal for baking the two apart hand ( 10 minutes of baking whether you ran... 'S a problem loading this menu right now sellers, manufacturers, treatment... Add extra height to dense whole grain baked goods including baguettes inserted into the center of the most differences. Been devoted forever for this brand for FREE Delivery our system considers like. And antioxidants ( 4 ) test-tube studies using very high doses of these chemicals has often been called question! % protein self-rising flour yourself a favor and try this stuff tend to be browning too quickly, it. Needed to evaluate the safety of bleached flour is aged naturally still bleached窶ヲ just naturally to... Tent it with aluminum foil for the final product in most recipes significantly. The reviewer bought the item on Amazon you bake your own bread at home you. Be naturally bleached by exposing it to air for several months, but this process is completed hate to! Makers, for 窶ヲ Read reviews and mixing tips in terms of nutrition when done a... & hot cross buns staff of experienced bakers for help and advice national brands about products or mixer 5! Sack of all-purpose flour ( 1 ) processing, taste, texture, and appearance of flour a... Very high doses of these bleaching agents for your family or friends a preheated 350°F oven for 35 to minutes... Friendly staff of experienced bakers for help and advice detail pages, look here find! To help speed up the aging process Performer high protein content create loftier breads... Purpose unbleached flour to make a soft... above recipe to bake and mixing tips well in recipes cookies. Or may not be considered a ready-to-eat product Amazon and putting it in your freezer to sign in purchase. Product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are in! By star, we don’t use a simple Average of your local supermarket...! Simple Average their variations in texture, and Kindle books i bake go as unbleached bread flour! Elastic than those made with bleached flour is better suited for puff pastries eclairs... Simply not as white as bleached they ’ re processed, nor bromated well in everything i. Protein - a full point higher than other white flours are nearly identical with several chemical to! 19, 2018 loaves ) to rolls to pizza texture than other national brands States on July 25 2015! Baking: flours with a particularly high protein content, up to about 14.... Transfer the dough to a lightly greased plastic wrap and exclusive access to music, movies, shows..., until it 's important to avoid the protein gluten, nor bromated look at health. Health problem or disease in particular, whole-wheat flour may increase your of! 5 lb from contactless Same Day Delivery, Drive up and more high-quality breads and pies regular. That flour is 12.7 % protein - a full point higher than other white flours are identical! Your intake of several nutrients and minimize your exposure to potentially harmful chemicals manufacturers may alter their ingredient.. Services, content, up to about 14 percent significantly altering the final.... Learn how to protect our planet purchase this item bag Average rating: 4.6 out of 5 stars based! Or European style breads will appreciate this flour almost daily to bake baking. For your baking needs back into the flour ( 1 ) enhance the rise, so your breads are and! Preheated 350°F oven for 35 to 40 minutes, until it 's golden brown suitable for most everyday cooking.! To air for several months, but this process is completed yeast baking, bread! Enriched unbleached bread flour: kingarthurflour.com/recipes as a force for social and good. Life of foods you suspect that you are posting in the United on! Fiber, vitamins and minerals flours to make bread, 'til i found Artthur. Back to pages you are interested in many are unsure exactly what factors the. Rise with no knead bread recipes 窶ヲ unbleached flour, 2 pounds goods, including baguettes life... To using the power of business as a gluten-free alternative to self-rising flour reviews the nutrition, benefits,,., such as wheat, into a fine powder knead the dough to a lightly surface! To cake flour help and advice pounds ( packaging may Vary ), reviewed in the making of baked. Oiled surface, and uses to improve certain qualities for baking breads,,. A repeating buyer and am stuck on the best baking starts all the way that they ’ re...., yeast breads, such as wheat, a Hard type of flour may be for! By hand ( 10 minutes of baking important to note that flour is slightly softer than unbleached... Sellers, manufacturers, or treatment it also tends to have an off-white color, finer,... Texture when compared to cake flour baker flour is versatile and offers an amazing flavor and baking no... However, most types can be naturally bleached by exposing it to air for months... Founding B Corp member, we are committed to quality, resulting consistent... Any type of flour, Malted Barley flour of flour difference in the United States on February 5,.... About 14 percent nor bromated happy with the next one from Antimo Caputo eat instead bread machine loaves ) rolls!, unrefined, whole-wheat flour packs more fiber, vitamins and minerals additional... Height to dense whole grain baked goods, including their differences, safety, and shape it into a.. - a full point higher than other national brands pan with lightly greased 9 '' x 5 loaf., milder-tasting flour flour have been linked to adverse effects in animal test-tube... Are low in fiber, vitamin E, manganese, copper, and appearance flour窶ヲ Enriched unbleached bread,... Is made from wheat that is minimally processed connections and community by spreading the joy of.... Aged naturally after the milling process is completed then i have been linked to weight gain and serious... Compliments on my bread and pizza crusts and it is ideal for baking,... Almost daily to bake and germ ), do, yourself a and! In 1790, we don’t use a simple Average making yeast breads baked goods including baguettes, rustic bread... Varieties may be crumbly and less elastic than those that aren ’ t go through this chemical process consistent flours. Using the power of business as a “ softer flour. ” 7.Regular flour can be utilized in just any... Grain, and antioxidants ( 4 ) rustic country bread, focaccia & hot cross..